Magnesium is a cofactor in the body's stress response — during psychological stress, both consumption and excretion increase, while low magnesium amplifies the stress response.4 In a clinical study of 264 adults with elevated stress and low serum magnesium, perceived stress was reduced by over 40 percent after eight weeks of magnesium supplementation.5 L-theanine, an amino acid from green tea, has been linked in randomized studies to reduced self-reported stress and anxiety in healthy adults — without sedation.6

Two ingredients we've included based on mechanistic understanding and emerging clinical evidence — not definitive conclusions. Shilajit's active component fulvic acid functions as an electron carrier in cellular energy production according to a comprehensive review of shilajit's biochemistry and clinical evidence.7 Shilajit has been linked in clinical studies on younger adult men to maintained muscle strength under exhausting stress.8 Boron in doses around three milligrams per day has been identified in a review of eleven studies with a total of 594 participants as supporting the body's calcium, magnesium, and vitamin D metabolism as well as bone and hormone metabolism.9 Both ingredients are under continued research.

Swedish dietary surveys on younger adults consistently identify selenium as one of the nutrients where intake is below recommended levels — regardless of dietary approach.2 Selenium is an essential building block in selenoproteins that contribute to normal immune function and normal thyroid function. Zinc contributes to normal cognitive function, normal immune function and normal fertility. Both in chelated bisglycinate form for robust uptake through stomach acid. (EFSA-approved health claims.)

Folate in the active 5-MTHF form goes directly into the methylation cycle without liver conversion — relevant for those with genetic variants that impair conversion from regular folic acid. Folate, iron and vitamin C all contribute to reducing fatigue and exhaustion; vitamin C also increases iron absorption. A comprehensive review of biochemical and clinical data highlights B vitamins, vitamin C, iron, magnesium and zinc as cofactors in energy-producing metabolism — deficiencies are linked to both physical and mental fatigue.10 Vitamin A contributes to normal immune defense and normal skin. (EFSA-approved health claims.)